{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 2. Shell and other kinds of programming"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Shell programming: advanced parts of the <a href=\"https://www.tutorialspoint.com/unix/\" target=\"_blank\">bash tutorial</a>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "As you go through the tutorial, copy the example commands into your jupyter notebook and test them to make sure you understand how they work. Feel free to do that more than once, changing the given examples as you wish. An example from the \"Using Shell Arrays\" section of the tutorial would look like this:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Method: Zara Qadir Mahnaz Ayan Daisy\n",
      "Second Method: Zara Qadir Mahnaz Ayan Daisy\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "\n",
    "NAME[0]=\"Zara\"\n",
    "NAME[1]=\"Qadir\"\n",
    "NAME[2]=\"Mahnaz\"\n",
    "NAME[3]=\"Ayan\"\n",
    "NAME[4]=\"Daisy\"\n",
    "echo \"First Method: ${NAME[*]}\"\n",
    "echo \"Second Method: ${NAME[@]}\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can also save the commands into a shell script and execute it as a \"command\" in your own filespace:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "mkdir -p ~/5P10/Lab2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/home/esternin/5P10/Lab2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%cd ~/5P10/Lab2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting list.sh\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file list.sh\n",
    "#!/bin/bash\n",
    "\n",
    "NAME[0]=\"Zara\"\n",
    "NAME[1]=\"Qadir\"\n",
    "NAME[2]=\"Mahnaz\"\n",
    "NAME[3]=\"Ayan\"\n",
    "NAME[4]=\"Daisy\"\n",
    "echo \"First Method: ${NAME[*]}\"\n",
    "echo \"Second Method: ${NAME[@]}\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Method: Zara Qadir Mahnaz Ayan Daisy\n",
      "Second Method: Zara Qadir Mahnaz Ayan Daisy\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "chmod 755 list.sh\n",
    "./list.sh"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello, world!\n",
      "TRIUMF_FONTS=/usr/local/lib\n",
      "TRIUMF_PLOTTER_TYPE=PSA\n",
      "TRIUMF_TERMINAL_TYPE=X\n",
      "/usr/local/lib\n",
      "Fonts are in \"/usr/local/lib\", look there\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "echo \"Hello, world!\"\n",
    "\n",
    "### These are all of the bash environment variables (LOTS OF LINES!):\n",
    "#set\n",
    "\n",
    "### These are the variables that have \"TRIUMF\" in their name:\n",
    "set | grep TRIUMF\n",
    "\n",
    "### Select a specific variable and parse the NAME=VALUE for VALUE:\n",
    "set | grep TRIUMF_FONTS | cut -d= -f2\n",
    "\n",
    "### instead of typing it, assign it to a variable:\n",
    "FDIR=`set | grep TRIUMF_FONTS | cut -d= -f2`\n",
    "\n",
    "echo \"Fonts are in \\\"$FDIR\\\", look there\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Environment variable \"TRIUMF_FONTS\" has a value \"/usr/local/lib\" \n",
      "Environment variable \"TRIUMF_PLOTTER_TYPE\" has a value \"PSA\" \n",
      "Environment variable \"TRIUMF_TERMINAL_TYPE\" has a value \"X\" \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "VARS=`set | grep TRIUMF`\n",
    "\n",
    "for v in $VARS\n",
    "do\n",
    "  name=`echo $v | cut -d= -f1`\n",
    "  value=`echo $v | cut -d= -f2`\n",
    "  echo \"Environment variable \\\"$name\\\" has a value \\\"$value\\\" \"\n",
    "done"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Writing and compiling programs\n",
    "\n",
    "Let's try a very simple C program. \"Running\" a program requires that you first \n",
    "<ul>\n",
    "    <li>compile it, i.e. convert the human-readable <i>source</i> into machine codes, or <i>object</i>;</li>\n",
    "    <li>link object to the system libraries to make a complete <i>executable</i>;</li>\n",
    "    <li>ensure the resulting file has executable flag set.</li>\n",
    "</ul>\n",
    "Usually, the compiler can take care of all of these steps at once."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting hello.c\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file hello.c\n",
    "#include <stdio.h>\n",
    "#include <math.h>\n",
    "\n",
    "int main() {\n",
    "  double f;\n",
    "    \n",
    "  f=atan(3.);\n",
    "  printf(\"Hello, world!  atan(3)=%f\\n\",f);\n",
    "    \n",
    "  return 0; /* a non-zero return reports an error to OS */\n",
    "  }"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello, world!  atan(3)=1.249046\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "cc hello.c\n",
    "./a.out"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The above command <code>cc</code> (that stands for \"C Compiler\") has many switches. Without them, it defaults to a full compile-and-link cycle and places the executable into an executable called <code>a.out</code>, which can get confusing if there is more than one program. This is better:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello, world!  atan(3)=1.249046\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "cc -o hello hello.c\n",
    "./hello"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The link stage of the <code>cc</code> command found all the libraries it needed, including the system library that provided the <code>atan()</code> function."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Homework"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Use bash commands ar, nm, grep, find, cut, and bash loops as needed to find which of the \\*.a or \\*.so files in /usr/lib64 and/or in /lib and/or /lib64 and all of their subdirectories contains a subroutine to calculate arctan().  Ignore symbolic link files, just use the actual library file, to remove duplication."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Solution"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "# executables in this directory become personal \"commands\"\n",
    "if [ ! -d ~/bin ]; then\n",
    "  mkdir ~/bin\n",
    "fi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "hide-input"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting /home/esternin/bin/search_libs\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file ~/bin/search_libs\n",
    "#!/bin/sh\n",
    "\n",
    "# could make it into a parameter\n",
    "LIBDIR=/usr/lib\n",
    "\n",
    "# check input line for parameters, at least one is mandatory\n",
    "if [ $# -lt 1 ]; then\n",
    "  echo \"  usage: $0 subroutine_name\"\n",
    "  exit 1\n",
    "fi\n",
    "\n",
    "# if more than one, warn the user we are ignoring the extra input\n",
    "if [ $# -gt 1 ]; then\n",
    "  echo \"  $0 warning: extra input \\\"$2 ...\\\" ignored\"\n",
    "fi\n",
    "\n",
    "FILES=`find -P $LIBDIR \\( -name \"*.a\" -o -name \"*.so\" \\)`\n",
    "\n",
    "for f in $FILES\n",
    "do\n",
    "   # figure out the file type, apply appropriate command\n",
    "   ELF=`file $f | grep \"shared object\"`\n",
    "   AR=`file $f | grep \"ar archive\"`\n",
    "    \n",
    "   # if both of the above strings are empty, this is not a file for us \n",
    "   if [ \"$ELF\" != \"\" ]; then\n",
    "     nm -D --defined-only --print-file $f | grep \"$1\\$\"\n",
    "   elif [ \"$AR\" != \"\" ]; then\n",
    "     FOUND=`ar -t $f | grep \"$1\"`\n",
    "     if [ ! -z \"$FOUND\" ]; then # another way of checking if string is empty\n",
    "        echo \"$f:$FOUND\"\n",
    "     fi\n",
    "   fi\n",
    "done\n",
    "    \n",
    "exit 0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "chmod 755 ~/bin/search_libs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0-openjdk-1.7.0.261-2.6.22.2.el7_8.x86_64/jre/lib/amd64/libjava.so:0000000000011620 T Java_java_lang_StrictMath_atan\n",
      "/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.382.b05-1.el7_9.x86_64/jre/lib/amd64/libjava.so:00000000000127f0 T Java_java_lang_StrictMath_atan\n",
      "/usr/lib/i686/nosegneg/libm-2.17.so:0000ab20 W atan\n",
      "/usr/lib/i686/nosegneg/libm-2.17.so:000153e0 W catan\n",
      "/usr/lib/libm-2.17.so:0000a8e0 W atan\n",
      "/usr/lib/libm-2.17.so:00015190 W catan\n",
      "/usr/lib/jalbum/jre64/lib/libjava.so:00000000000146d0 T Java_java_lang_StrictMath_atan\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash \n",
    "search_libs atan"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/usr/lib/i686/nosegneg/libc-2.17.so:0001a200 T __libc_start_main\n",
      "/usr/lib/libc-2.17.so:0001a1e0 T __libc_start_main\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash \n",
    "search_libs start_main"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We need to link to the libm\\*.so library to get the <code>atan()</code> function, and to libc\\*.so to initiate the running of a <code>main()</code>. It so happens that these are on the default list, so specifying any libraries is not necessary. However, the following should fail to link, and should produce a few errors:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../lib64/crt1.o: In function `_start':\n",
      "(.text+0x12): undefined reference to `__libc_csu_fini'\n",
      "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../lib64/crt1.o: In function `_start':\n",
      "(.text+0x19): undefined reference to `__libc_csu_init'\n",
      "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../lib64/crt1.o: In function `_start':\n",
      "(.text+0x25): undefined reference to `__libc_start_main'\n",
      "/tmp/cc9zQUWU.o: In function `main':\n",
      "hello.c:(.text+0x2e): undefined reference to `printf'\n",
      "collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "CalledProcessError",
     "evalue": "Command 'b'cc -nodefaultlibs -o hello hello.c\\n'' returned non-zero exit status 1.",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mCalledProcessError\u001b[0m                        Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-16-3360b2085b27>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mget_ipython\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrun_cell_magic\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'bash'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m''\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'cc -nodefaultlibs -o hello hello.c\\n'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mrun_cell_magic\u001b[0;34m(self, magic_name, line, cell)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2369\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mbuiltin_trap\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2370\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmagic_arg_s\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 2371\u001b[0;31m                 \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   2372\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2373\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/script.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mnamed_script_magic\u001b[0;34m(line, cell)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    140\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32melse\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    141\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0mline\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mscript\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 142\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mshebang\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mline\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    143\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    144\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;31m# write a basic docstring:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/decorator.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mfun\u001b[0;34m(*args, **kw)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    230\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mnot\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkwsyntax\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    231\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkw\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfix\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkw\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0msig\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 232\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcaller\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mextras\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkw\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    233\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mfun\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__name__\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__name__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    234\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mfun\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__doc__\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__doc__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/core/magic.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<lambda>\u001b[0;34m(f, *a, **k)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    185\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;31m# but it's overkill for just that one bit of state.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    186\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmagic_deco\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 187\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mcall\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mlambda\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mk\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mk\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    188\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    189\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcallable\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/script.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mshebang\u001b[0;34m(self, line, cell)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    243\u001b[0m             \u001b[0msys\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstderr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mflush\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    244\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mraise_error\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mand\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mreturncode\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m!=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 245\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mCalledProcessError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mreturncode\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0moutput\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mout\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstderr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0merr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    246\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    247\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_run_script\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mto_close\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mCalledProcessError\u001b[0m: Command 'b'cc -nodefaultlibs -o hello hello.c\\n'' returned non-zero exit status 1."
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "cc -nodefaultlibs -o hello hello.c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "To fix the errors, we need to tell the linker where to look. The compiler/linker switch <code>-lxxx</code> forces it to look for a file <code>libxxx.so.\\*</code> in the usual directories.  The directory to look in can be also set, using the <code>-L/some_directory/subdir</code> switch.  Strictly speaking, in our case we should use <code>-L/lib -lm-2.17</code> but \n",
    "<ul>\n",
    "    <li>by default the compiler is already looking in <code>/lib</code>, and\n",
    "    <li>the system has a symbolic link, <code>/lib/libm.so.6 -> /lib/libm-2.17.so</code> \n",
    "</ul>\n",
    "so this (simplified) version without specific version numbers should be sufficient: "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello, world!  atan(3)=1.249046\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "cc -nodefaultlibs -o hello hello.c -lm -lc\n",
    "./hello"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Using <code>make</code>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The <code>make</code> command treats spaces and TAB characters differently than the <code>jupyter notebook</code>.  The following <code>javascript</code> commands should reconfigure jupyter to treat TABS as characters, not replace them with 4 spaces, as it does by default. This is necessary because the syntax of Makefiles mandates the use of TABs."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/javascript": [
       "IPython.tab_as_tab_everywhere = function(use_tabs) {\n",
       "    if (use_tabs === undefined) {\n",
       "        use_tabs = true; \n",
       "    }\n",
       "    // apply setting to all current CodeMirror instances\n",
       "    IPython.notebook.get_cells().map(\n",
       "        function(c) {  return c.code_mirror.options.indentWithTabs=use_tabs;  }\n",
       "    );\n",
       "    // make sure new CodeMirror instances created in the future also use this setting\n",
       "    CodeMirror.defaults.indentWithTabs=use_tabs;\n",
       "    };\n",
       "IPython.tab_as_tab_everywhere()\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.Javascript object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%javascript\n",
    "IPython.tab_as_tab_everywhere = function(use_tabs) {\n",
    "    if (use_tabs === undefined) {\n",
    "        use_tabs = true; \n",
    "    }\n",
    "    // apply setting to all current CodeMirror instances\n",
    "    IPython.notebook.get_cells().map(\n",
    "        function(c) {  return c.code_mirror.options.indentWithTabs=use_tabs;  }\n",
    "    );\n",
    "    // make sure new CodeMirror instances created in the future also use this setting\n",
    "    CodeMirror.defaults.indentWithTabs=use_tabs;\n",
    "    };\n",
    "IPython.tab_as_tab_everywhere()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting Makefile\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file Makefile\n",
    "hello: hello.c\n",
    "\tcc -o hello hello.c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "cc -o hello hello.c\n",
      "Hello, world!  atan(3)=1.249046\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "rm -f hello\n",
    "make\n",
    "./hello"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This was super simple, and for such a simple \"project\" of only one source-code file probably unnecessary, but we can very quickly make this Makefile more robust and demonstrate some of the more advanced features of make. In larger projects, makefiles save a lot of time.\n",
    "\n",
    "For details, consult this <a href=\"https://www.tutorialspoint.com/makefile/\" target=\"_blank\">makefile tutorial</a>."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting Makefile\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file Makefile\n",
    "\n",
    "OBJ = hello.o\n",
    "\n",
    "# these are pre-defined, but we can also change the default behaviour, if we have multiple compilers\n",
    "CC = gcc\n",
    "#CC = icc\n",
    "CFLAGS = -O\n",
    "LIBS = -lm\n",
    "\n",
    "# special abbreviations: $@ is the file to be made; $? is the changed dependent(s).\n",
    "\n",
    "hello: $(OBJ)\n",
    "#\t@echo -n \" 2.link:    \"\n",
    "\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $(OBJ) $(LIBS)\n",
    "\n",
    "# this is the default implicit rule to convert xxx.c into xxx.o \n",
    ".c.o:\n",
    "#\t@echo -n \" 1.compile: \"\n",
    "\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $<\n",
    "\n",
    "clean:\n",
    "#\t@echo -n \" 0.cleanup: \"\n",
    "\trm -f hello a.out *.o *~ core"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "rm -f hello a.out *.o *~ core\n",
      "gcc -O -c hello.c\n",
      "gcc -O -o hello hello.o -lm\n",
      "Hello, world!  atan(3)=1.249046\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "make clean; make\n",
    "./hello"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Gaussian packet evolution: a C project"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "More homework! This is a week-long project to graphically illustrate what happens to a Gaussian wave packet (we will make it up by adding a few individual waves) impacting on a barrier. We want to observe how some of the packet is reflected, and some undergoes quantum-mechanical tunneling, so both a reflected and a transmitted packet emerges after the impact.  We will run the program repeatedly, changing the number of wave making up the packet, the number of points to plot, the initial energy of the incoming packet, etc. The physics of this scattering process will get discussed next, but first let's set up the mechanics of the new project:\n",
    "<ul>\n",
    "\t<li>make a project subdirectory\n",
    "\t<li>create a basic skeleton of a program that can read and parse user input (though does not compute anything at first)\n",
    "\t<li>have a basic Makefile in place\n",
    "</ul>\n",
    "<p>\n",
    "The second part of the homework is to try to figure out what is going on in an old Fortran program that does the same thing. We do not know either Fortran or C syntax, but hopefully the computational content, i.e. the algorithmic core, will be self-explanatory. The task is to \"port\", or convert this old code to C, and learn some basic C programming in the process."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "rm -rf packet\n",
    "mkdir packet"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/home/esternin/5P10/Lab2/packet\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%cd packet"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Writing packet.c\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file packet.c\n",
    "/*\n",
    " * packet.c\n",
    " *   packet - generate a Gaussian wavepacket impacting on an energy barrier.\n",
    " *\n",
    " * Completed: January.2018 (c) E.Sternin\n",
    " * Revisions: \n",
    " *\n",
    " */\n",
    "\n",
    "#ifndef VERSION           /* date-derived in Makefile */\n",
    "#define VERSION \"2018.01\" /* default, that's when we first wrote the program */\n",
    "#endif\n",
    "\n",
    "#include <stdarg.h>\n",
    "#include <stdio.h>\n",
    "#include <stdlib.h>\n",
    "#include <string.h>\n",
    "#include <ctype.h>\n",
    "#include <unistd.h>\n",
    "#include <sys/types.h>\n",
    "#include <sys/stat.h>\n",
    "#include <fcntl.h>\n",
    "\n",
    "#define MAX_STR 256\n",
    "\n",
    "/* Global variables */\n",
    "\n",
    "static char whoami[MAX_STR] ;        /* argv[0] will end up here */\n",
    "static int  verbosity;               /* Show detailed information */\n",
    "static char options[] = \"Vvhp:t:\";   /* command-line options, : means takes a value */\n",
    "static char help_msg[] = \"\\\n",
    "%s [<options>]\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-V        report version information\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-v        increase verbosity, may combine several\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-p #      number of points for the packet\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-t #      time since the beginning\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-h        help message\\n\\\n",
    "\\n\\\n",
    "e.g.\\tpacket -v -p 601 -t 20\\n\" \n",
    ";\n",
    "\n",
    "/*************************************************service routines************/\n",
    "\n",
    "void __attribute__((noreturn)) die(char *msg, ...) {\n",
    "  va_list args;\n",
    "  va_start(args, msg);\n",
    "  vfprintf(stderr, msg, args);\n",
    "  fputc('\\n', stderr);\n",
    "  exit(1);\n",
    "  }\n",
    "\n",
    "/***************************************************************** main *********/\n",
    "int main(int argc, char **argv) {\n",
    "  int    i,p;\n",
    "  double t;\n",
    "\n",
    "/*\n",
    " *  default values, may get changed by the command-line options\n",
    " */\n",
    "  verbosity = 0;    /* 0 = quiet by default, 1 = info, 2 = debug */\t\n",
    "  p = 25;           /* default to 25 points in the packet */\n",
    "  t = 0;\n",
    "\n",
    "  strncpy(whoami, argv[0], MAX_STR);\n",
    "\n",
    "  while ((i = getopt(argc, argv, options)) != -1)\n",
    "    switch (i) {\n",
    "      case 'V':\n",
    "         printf(\" %s: version %s\\n\",whoami,VERSION);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      case 'v':\n",
    "         verbosity++;\n",
    "         if (verbosity > 1) printf(\" %s: verbosity level set to %d\\n\",whoami,verbosity);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      case 'h':\n",
    "         die(help_msg,whoami);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      case 'p':\n",
    "         if ( ((p = atoi(optarg)) > 10000) || p < 10 )\n",
    "           die(\" %s: -p %d is not a valid number of points (10..10000)\\n\",whoami,p);\n",
    "         if (verbosity > 1) printf(\" %s: Number of points = %d\\n\",whoami,p);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      case 't':\n",
    "         if ( ((t = atof(optarg)) < 0) )\n",
    "           die(\" %s: -t %d is not a valid time\\n\",whoami,t);\n",
    "         if (verbosity > 1) printf(\" %s: time = %f\\n\",whoami,t);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      default:\n",
    "         if (verbosity > 0) die(\" try %s -h\\n\",whoami);\t/* otherwise, die quietly */\n",
    "         return 0;\n",
    "      }\n",
    "\n",
    "/*\n",
    " * when we get here, we parsed all user input, and are ready to calculate things\n",
    " */\n",
    "\n",
    "  for (i=0; i < p; i++) { \n",
    "     if (verbosity > 0) printf(\"%d\\t%f\\n\",i,i*t);\n",
    "     }\n",
    "\n",
    "  return 0;\n",
    "  }\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " ./packet: verbosity level set to 2\n",
      " ./packet: verbosity level set to 3\n",
      " ./packet: version 2023-Sep-12-12:52\n",
      " ./packet: Number of points = 10\n",
      "0\t0.000000\n",
      "1\t0.000000\n",
      "2\t0.000000\n",
      "3\t0.000000\n",
      "4\t0.000000\n",
      "5\t0.000000\n",
      "6\t0.000000\n",
      "7\t0.000000\n",
      "8\t0.000000\n",
      "9\t0.000000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "cc -DVERSION=\"\\\"`date '+%Y-%b-%d-%H:%M'`\\\"\" -o packet packet.c\n",
    "./packet -vvvV -p10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Writing Makefile\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file Makefile\n",
    "\n",
    "OBJ = packet.o\n",
    "\n",
    "# these are pre-defined, but we can also change the default behaviour, if we have multiple compilers\n",
    "CC = cc\n",
    "#CC = icc\n",
    "CFLAGS = -O -DVERSION=\"\\\"`date '+%Y-%b-%d-%H:%M'`\\\"\" \n",
    "LIBS = -lm\n",
    "\n",
    "# special abbreviations: $@ is the file to be made; $? is the changed dependent(s).\n",
    "\n",
    "packet: $(OBJ)\n",
    "\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $(OBJ) $(LIBS)\n",
    "\n",
    "# this is the default implicit rule to convert xxx.c into xxx.o \n",
    ".c.o:\n",
    "\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $<\n",
    "\n",
    "clean:\n",
    "\trm -f packet *.o *~ core"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "rm -f packet *.o *~ core\n",
      "cc -O -DVERSION=\"\\\"`date '+%Y-%b-%d-%H:%M'`\\\"\"  -c packet.c\n",
      "cc -O -DVERSION=\"\\\"`date '+%Y-%b-%d-%H:%M'`\\\"\"  -o packet packet.o -lm\n",
      " ./packet: version 2023-Sep-12-12:52\n",
      " ./packet: verbosity level set to 2\n",
      " ./packet: verbosity level set to 3\n",
      " ./packet: Number of points = 11\n",
      " ./packet: time = 25.000000\n",
      "0\t0.000000\n",
      "1\t25.000000\n",
      "2\t50.000000\n",
      "3\t75.000000\n",
      "4\t100.000000\n",
      "5\t125.000000\n",
      "6\t150.000000\n",
      "7\t175.000000\n",
      "8\t200.000000\n",
      "9\t225.000000\n",
      "10\t250.000000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "make clean; make\n",
    "./packet -Vvvv -p 11 -t 25"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now that we have a skeleton of a C program working, let's examine the old Fortran code to see how it works and what its output looks like."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Writing packet.f\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file packet.f\n",
    "C packet.f -- propagation of a Gaussian wave  packet through a barrier in 1D\n",
    "C\tx = coordinate (in units of a, the barrier is from -a to +a)\n",
    "C\tP = wavefunction  (not normalized)\n",
    "C\tE = energy of the wavefunction (in units of V, the barrier height)\n",
    "C\n",
    "C\tWritten by:\tE.Sternin\n",
    "C\tCompleted:\t30.03.93\n",
    "C=======================================================================\t\n",
    "\treal*4\t\tx(601),x0,p0,sp,p_now,p_step,Pi,A0,t\n",
    "\tcomplex*8\tP(601),I,A\n",
    "\tinteger\t\tj,Nargs,Nwaves\n",
    "\tcharacter*80 \tbuffer\n",
    "\n",
    "\tNwaves = 20\t! add up (2*Nwaves+1) eigenwaves to form a packet\n",
    "\tx0 = -25.\t! start the packet far away from the barrier\n",
    "\tp0 = 0.5\t! keep incident energy low, E=0.5**2 < 1 (units of V)\n",
    "\tsp = 0.1\t! p0 +/- 4 sigma_p > 0,\tall eigenwaves move to the right\n",
    "\t \n",
    "\tNargs = iargc() \t! arguments supplied on the command line ?\n",
    "\tif (Nargs .lt. 1) then \n",
    "\t  write(*,'(A,$)') '  Error: need time t: '\n",
    "\t  read(*,*) t\n",
    "\telse\n",
    "\t  call getarg(1,buffer)\n",
    "\t  read(buffer,*) t\n",
    "\tend if\n",
    "\n",
    "\tI = cmplx(0.,1.)\t\t!complex i\n",
    "\tPi = 2.*acos(0.)\n",
    "\tA0 = 1./sqrt( sqrt(2.*Pi) * sp ) /float (2*Nwaves+1)\n",
    "\n",
    "\tdo j = 1,601\n",
    "\t  x(j) = -75 + (j-1)*0.25\n",
    "\t  P(j) = cmplx(0.,0.)\n",
    "\tend do\n",
    "\n",
    "\tp_step = 4.*sp/float(Nwaves)\t! calculate over +/- 4*sigma_p\n",
    "\tdo j = -Nwaves,Nwaves\t\t! in Nwaves steps\n",
    "\t  p_now = p0 + j * p_step \n",
    "\t  E = p_now**2\n",
    "\t  A = A0*exp( - ( (p_now-p0)/(2*sp) )**2 - I*(p_now*x0 + E*t) )\n",
    "\t  call add_wave(x,P,A,E)\n",
    "\tend do\n",
    "\n",
    "C..output the saved values as is, without normalization\n",
    "  10\tdo j=1,\t601\n",
    "\t  write(*,*) x(j),abs(P(j))**2,real(P(j)),aimag(P(j))\n",
    "\tend do\n",
    "\tend\n",
    "\n",
    "C=======================================================================\t\n",
    "\tsubroutine add_wave(x,P,A,E)\n",
    "C..adds the specified wave to the the supplied complex storage array P\n",
    "C  the values of Psi are only calculated at points given in real array x \n",
    "\treal*4 \t\tx(601),E\n",
    "\tcomplex*8\tP(601),I,A,k1,K2,C1,b,c,d,f\n",
    "\n",
    "\tI = cmplx(0.,1.)\t!complex i\n",
    "\n",
    "\tk1 = sqrt(cmplx(E,0.))\n",
    "\tK2 = sqrt(cmplx(E-1.,0.))\n",
    "\n",
    "\tC1 = -2*k1*K2-k1**2-2*k1*K2*exp(4*I*K2)+exp(4*I*K2)*k1**2\n",
    "     *\t-K2**2+K2**2*exp(4*I*K2)\n",
    "\n",
    "\tb = (k1**2-K2**2)/ C1 *(exp(2*I*(2*K2-k1))-exp(-2*I*k1))\n",
    "\tc = -2*k1*(K2+k1)/ C1 *exp(I*(K2-k1))\n",
    "\td = (-2*K2+2*k1)*k1/ C1 *exp(I*(-k1+3*K2))\n",
    "\tf = -4*k1*K2/ C1 *exp(2*I*(K2-k1))\n",
    "\n",
    "\tdo j = 1,296\t\t! left of the barrier, x < -1\n",
    "\t  P(j) = P(j) + A * ( exp(I*k1*x(j)) + b*exp(-I*k1*x(j)) )\n",
    "\tend do\n",
    "\tdo j=297,304\t\t! inside the barrier, -1 < x < 1\n",
    "\t  P(j) = P(j) + A * ( c*exp(I*K2*x(j)) + d*exp(-I*K2*x(j)) )\n",
    "\tend do\n",
    "\tdo j=305,601\t\t! to the right of the barrier, x > 1\n",
    "\t  P(j) = P(j) + A * f*exp(I*k1*x(j))\n",
    "\tend do\n",
    "\t  \n",
    " \treturn\n",
    "\tend"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "  -75.0000000       8.52197530E-08   1.16693496E-04   2.67586205E-04\n",
      "  -74.7500000       3.20557263E-07   3.57286714E-04   4.39207768E-04\n",
      "  -74.5000000       7.47516651E-07   6.27484871E-04   5.94793586E-04\n",
      "  -74.2500000       1.36120696E-06   9.13982512E-04   7.25150225E-04\n",
      "  -74.0000000       2.12284544E-06   1.20234303E-03   8.22931761E-04\n",
      "  -73.7500000       2.96266194E-06   1.47765456E-03   8.82722496E-04\n",
      "  -73.5000000       3.78836876E-06   1.72579114E-03   9.00007668E-04\n",
      "  -73.2500000       4.50573361E-06   1.93375722E-03   8.75395373E-04\n",
      "  -73.0000000       5.02329522E-06   2.09036935E-03   8.08486657E-04\n",
      "  -72.7500000       5.27878183E-06   2.18690187E-03   7.04444654E-04\n",
      "  -72.5000000       5.24243342E-06   2.21807300E-03   5.67965733E-04\n",
      "  -72.2500000       4.92594882E-06   2.18175026E-03   4.07325802E-04\n",
      "  -72.0000000       4.37627432E-06   2.07901793E-03   2.32291524E-04\n",
      "  -71.7500000       3.67039229E-06   1.91512029E-03   5.20246103E-05\n",
      "  -71.5000000       2.90051889E-06   1.69875333E-03  -1.21474615E-04\n",
      "  -71.2500000       2.15335467E-06   1.44088222E-03  -2.77872314E-04\n",
      "  -71.0000000       1.50178641E-06   1.15568750E-03  -4.07642918E-04\n",
      "  -70.7500000       9.90534545E-07   8.59129708E-04  -5.02424780E-04\n",
      "  -70.5000000       6.29514943E-07   5.67211304E-04  -5.54784900E-04\n",
      "  -70.2500000       4.03137477E-07   2.97086081E-04  -5.61139314E-04\n",
      "  -70.0000000       2.74815335E-07   6.43452368E-05  -5.20264381E-04\n",
      "  -69.7500000       2.00807236E-07  -1.17278614E-04  -4.32496192E-04\n",
      "  -69.5000000       1.46606908E-07  -2.35196581E-04  -3.02141474E-04\n",
      "  -69.2500000       9.81526753E-08  -2.82348512E-04  -1.35764451E-04\n",
      "  -69.0000000       6.73033540E-08  -2.52886268E-04   5.78955514E-05\n",
      "  -68.7500000       9.34146485E-08  -1.47164857E-04   2.67875264E-04\n",
      "  -68.5000000       2.34040129E-07   3.21054831E-05   4.82710428E-04\n",
      "  -68.2500000       5.51280777E-07   2.76413339E-04   6.89112814E-04\n",
      "  -68.0000000       1.09518010E-06   5.73823112E-04   8.75161262E-04\n",
      "  -67.7500000       1.88719878E-06   9.09983180E-04   1.02914008E-03\n",
      "  -67.5000000       2.90695652E-06   1.26707926E-03   1.14081835E-03\n",
      "  -67.2500000       4.09146287E-06   1.62594335E-03   1.20323373E-03\n",
      "  -67.0000000       5.33215916E-06   1.96641800E-03   1.21052016E-03\n",
      "  -66.7500000       6.49898357E-06   2.26926315E-03   1.16164889E-03\n",
      "  -66.5000000       7.44904264E-06   2.51625036E-03   1.05713122E-03\n",
      "  -66.2500000       8.05988930E-06   2.69161747E-03   9.02820029E-04\n",
      "  -66.0000000       8.24550898E-06   2.78319465E-03   7.06637395E-04\n",
      "  -65.7500000       7.98025758E-06   2.78387824E-03   4.79874376E-04\n",
      "  -65.5000000       7.28935311E-06   2.68957182E-03   2.35704472E-04\n",
      "  -65.2500000       6.26574547E-06   2.50312570E-03  -1.03411730E-05\n",
      "  -65.0000000       5.03992305E-06   2.23173853E-03  -2.43447372E-04\n",
      "  -64.7500000       3.76202502E-06   1.88760250E-03  -4.46073827E-04\n",
      "  -64.5000000       2.57725833E-06   1.48712832E-03  -6.04737783E-04\n",
      "  -64.2500000       1.60647710E-06   1.05198694E-03  -7.06965802E-04\n",
      "  -64.0000000       9.16446481E-07   6.04671310E-04  -7.42171891E-04\n",
      "  -63.7500000       5.25519908E-07   1.70712476E-04  -7.04540405E-04\n",
      "  -63.5000000       4.00786774E-07  -2.23876239E-04  -5.92170749E-04\n",
      "  -63.2500000       4.74573596E-07  -5.55795734E-04  -4.07019281E-04\n",
      "  -63.0000000       6.67948825E-07  -8.02147144E-04  -1.56552880E-04\n",
      "  -62.7500000       9.16697616E-07  -9.45987180E-04   1.47668005E-04\n",
      "  -62.5000000       1.18827541E-06  -9.73457354E-04   4.90567181E-04\n",
      "  -62.2500000       1.49675054E-06  -8.77579034E-04   8.52411729E-04\n",
      "  -62.0000000       1.90388926E-06  -6.57910947E-04   1.21286535E-03\n",
      "  -61.7500000       2.50078847E-06  -3.20466526E-04   1.54857663E-03\n",
      "  -61.5000000       3.39026064E-06   1.21302844E-04   1.83726603E-03\n",
      "  -61.2500000       4.65240237E-06   6.47406210E-04   2.05749064E-03\n",
      "  -61.0000000       6.31526882E-06   1.23210717E-03   2.19024671E-03\n",
      "  -60.7500000       8.33706690E-06   1.84477249E-03   2.22123414E-03\n",
      "  -60.5000000       1.05908302E-05   2.45194626E-03   2.13981071E-03\n",
      "  -60.2500000       1.28799593E-05   3.01780133E-03   1.94237835E-03\n",
      "  -60.0000000       1.49629741E-05   3.50721832E-03   1.63168437E-03\n",
      "  -59.7500000       1.65833972E-05   3.88620817E-03   1.21687388E-03\n",
      "  -59.5000000       1.75303558E-05   4.12542885E-03   7.14978145E-04\n",
      "  -59.2500000       1.76757167E-05   4.20163572E-03   1.48241408E-04\n",
      "  -59.0000000       1.70022122E-05   4.09815973E-03  -4.55302768E-04\n",
      "  -58.7500000       1.56223559E-05   3.80731258E-03  -1.06147316E-03\n",
      "  -58.5000000       1.37751495E-05   3.33144492E-03  -1.63603912E-03\n",
      "  -58.2500000       1.17840091E-05   2.68272613E-03  -2.14172597E-03\n",
      "  -58.0000000       1.00079678E-05   1.88314915E-03  -2.54199072E-03\n",
      "  -57.7500000       8.79676918E-06   9.65245708E-04  -2.80447328E-03\n",
      "  -57.5000000       8.41458677E-06  -3.08033777E-05  -2.90062721E-03\n",
      "  -57.2500000       9.01049771E-06  -1.05794892E-03  -2.80913548E-03\n",
      "  -57.0000000       1.05928020E-05  -2.06299732E-03  -2.51730881E-03\n",
      "  -56.7500000       1.30348853E-05  -2.99088843E-03  -2.02224450E-03\n",
      "  -56.5000000       1.61138578E-05  -3.78680765E-03  -1.33189501E-03\n",
      "  -56.2500000       1.95610373E-05  -4.39817924E-03  -4.65892372E-04\n",
      "  -56.0000000       2.31367121E-05  -4.77899890E-03   5.45784831E-04\n",
      "  -55.7500000       2.66794759E-05  -4.89073480E-03   1.66138215E-03\n",
      "  -55.5000000       3.01715318E-05  -4.70670173E-03   2.83169374E-03\n",
      "  -55.2500000       3.37367819E-05  -4.21285350E-03   3.99858039E-03\n",
      "  -55.0000000       3.76395037E-05  -3.41027766E-03   5.09995222E-03\n",
      "  -54.7500000       4.22198063E-05  -2.31518969E-03   6.07121922E-03\n",
      "  -54.5000000       4.78313013E-05  -9.60440026E-04   6.84900396E-03\n",
      "  -54.2500000       5.47439013E-05   6.05673355E-04   7.37408036E-03\n",
      "  -54.0000000       6.30851209E-05   2.32096715E-03   7.59593491E-03\n",
      "  -53.7500000       7.27457809E-05   4.11053933E-03   7.47323502E-03\n",
      "  -53.5000000       8.34101229E-05   5.89031586E-03   6.97956327E-03\n",
      "  -53.2500000       9.45698048E-05   7.57003017E-03   6.10446092E-03\n",
      "  -53.0000000       1.05608735E-04   9.05702077E-03   4.85583209E-03\n",
      "  -52.7500000       1.15908770E-04   1.02605270E-02   3.26042413E-03\n",
      "  -52.5000000       1.24996470E-04   1.10966908E-02   1.36378640E-03\n",
      "  -52.2500000       1.32657777E-04   1.14920577E-02  -7.68357306E-04\n",
      "  -52.0000000       1.39047828E-04   1.13893524E-02  -3.05458345E-03\n",
      "  -51.7500000       1.44682970E-04   1.07490271E-02  -5.39827580E-03\n",
      "  -51.5000000       1.50450665E-04   9.55420081E-03  -7.69206742E-03\n",
      "  -51.2500000       1.57490605E-04   7.81247579E-03  -9.82119329E-03\n",
      "  -51.0000000       1.67064078E-04   5.55775221E-03  -1.16694244E-02\n",
      "  -50.7500000       1.80347270E-04   2.84943869E-03  -1.31235654E-02\n",
      "  -50.5000000       1.98269292E-04  -2.27141310E-04  -1.40789812E-02\n",
      "  -50.2500000       2.21380440E-04  -3.56273819E-03  -1.44460145E-02\n",
      "  -50.0000000       2.49718258E-04  -7.02941464E-03  -1.41529366E-02\n",
      "  -49.7500000       2.82896624E-04  -1.04816696E-02  -1.31541332E-02\n",
      "  -49.5000000       3.20124294E-04  -1.37642613E-02  -1.14310738E-02\n",
      "  -49.2500000       3.60413804E-04  -1.67173911E-02  -8.99681263E-03\n",
      "  -49.0000000       4.02785983E-04  -1.91835742E-02  -5.89715503E-03\n",
      "  -48.7500000       4.46478196E-04  -2.10139658E-02  -2.21166899E-03\n",
      "  -48.5000000       4.91187500E-04  -2.20769364E-02   1.94842578E-03\n",
      "  -48.2500000       5.37160086E-04  -2.22638827E-02   6.44046534E-03\n",
      "  -48.0000000       5.85187867E-04  -2.14950033E-02   1.10974200E-02\n",
      "  -47.7500000       6.36558922E-04  -1.97261460E-02   1.57301631E-02\n",
      "  -47.5000000       6.92870934E-04  -1.69525705E-02   2.01365650E-02\n",
      "  -47.2500000       7.55716639E-04  -1.32109318E-02   2.41078399E-02\n",
      "  -47.0000000       8.26478878E-04  -8.58242996E-03   2.74375789E-02\n",
      "  -46.7500000       9.05986526E-04  -3.19017912E-03   2.99300738E-02\n",
      "  -46.5000000       9.94412228E-04   2.80074077E-03   3.14096808E-02\n",
      "  -46.2500000       1.09125383E-03   9.18914936E-03   3.17303203E-02\n",
      "  -46.0000000       1.19533867E-03   1.57422144E-02   3.07818335E-02\n",
      "  -45.7500000       1.30525301E-03   2.22040173E-02   2.84997337E-02\n",
      "  -45.5000000       1.41946936E-03   2.83027254E-02   2.48681568E-02\n",
      "  -45.2500000       1.53699284E-03   3.37631181E-02   1.99259799E-02\n",
      "  -45.0000000       1.65757514E-03   3.83147635E-02   1.37678627E-02\n",
      "  -44.7500000       1.78213743E-03   4.17049080E-02   6.54508593E-03\n",
      "  -44.5000000       1.91278907E-03   4.37084027E-02  -1.53771020E-03\n",
      "  -44.2500000       2.05288385E-03   4.41394821E-02  -1.02269184E-02\n",
      "  -44.0000000       2.20666802E-03   4.28607017E-02  -1.92257129E-02\n",
      "  -43.7500000       2.37896340E-03   3.97920758E-02  -2.82055680E-02\n",
      "  -43.5000000       2.57440354E-03   3.49168628E-02  -3.68132629E-02\n",
      "  -43.2500000       2.79705203E-03   2.82865763E-02  -4.46869284E-02\n",
      "  -43.0000000       3.04991286E-03   2.00244263E-02  -5.14678098E-02\n",
      "  -42.7500000       3.33440048E-03   1.03225214E-02  -5.68141378E-02\n",
      "  -42.5000000       3.65031790E-03  -5.59103151E-04  -6.04152754E-02\n",
      "  -42.2500000       3.99616593E-03  -1.22994892E-02  -6.20071627E-02\n",
      "  -42.0000000       4.36929567E-03  -2.45239753E-02  -6.13829829E-02\n",
      "  -41.7500000       4.76662349E-03  -3.68160494E-02  -5.84054962E-02\n",
      "  -41.5000000       5.18542528E-03  -4.87304702E-02  -5.30166626E-02\n",
      "  -41.2500000       5.62385516E-03  -5.98065779E-02  -4.52441014E-02\n",
      "  -41.0000000       6.08159089E-03  -6.95862025E-02  -3.52044180E-02\n",
      "  -40.7500000       6.56005880E-03  -7.76285455E-02  -2.31055636E-02\n",
      "  -40.5000000       7.06258509E-03  -8.35293457E-02  -9.24300961E-03\n",
      "  -40.2500000       7.59381475E-03  -8.69352892E-02   6.00590743E-03\n",
      "  -40.0000000       8.15933105E-03  -8.75608996E-02   2.21905336E-02\n",
      "  -39.7500000       8.76477081E-03  -8.52020681E-02   3.87991965E-02\n",
      "  -39.5000000       9.41498019E-03  -7.97474012E-02   5.52750565E-02\n",
      "  -39.2500000       1.01132030E-02  -7.11869895E-02   7.10324943E-02\n",
      "  -39.0000000       1.08607309E-02  -5.96186668E-02   8.54771659"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<b>limit_output extension: Maximum message size of 10000 exceeded with 41469 characters</b>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "gfortran -o packet packet.f\n",
    "./packet 40"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Perhaps it's better to just see things graphically. <tt>gnuplot</tt> is a very good, universally available plotting program, and with just a few keystrokes we can generate good-looking graphs."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Writing Vo.dat\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file Vo.dat\n",
    "-75\t0\n",
    "-1\t0\n",
    "-1\t1\n",
    "1\t1\n",
    "1\t0\n",
    "75\t0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "gnuplot --persist\n",
    "plot 'Vo.dat' with lines"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "gnuplot --persist\n",
    "set style data line\n",
    "plot [-80:80] [-0.1:1.1] 'Vo.dat' title \"energy barrier V\",'<./packet 0' title \"packet at time = 0\",'<./packet 20' title \"packet at time = 20\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can even create an \"animation\" of sorts, by using a macro file."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Writing packet.gnu\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file packet.gnu\n",
    "set style data line\n",
    "set yrange [0:2]\n",
    "set xrange [-75:75]\n",
    "set xlabel \"x/a\"\n",
    "set ylabel \"Psi^2\"\n",
    "set title \"Scattering of a Gaussian wave packet (41 waves), E=V/4\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet   0' t \"time =  0\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"\n",
    "pause 2 \"initially, the packet is at x = -25 a\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet   5' t \"time =  5\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"as time goes on...\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  10' t \"time = 10\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"...the packet approaches the barrier\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  15' t \"time = 15\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"the interference is observed\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  20' t \"time = 20\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"the interference is observed\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  25' t \"time = 25\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"the interference is observed\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  30' t \"time = 30\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"the interference is observed\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  35' t \"time = 35\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"transmitted and reflected packets form\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  40' t \"time = 40\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"transmitted and reflected packets form\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  45' t \"time = 45\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"and move away from the barrier\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  50' t \"time = 50\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"and move away from the barrier\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  55' t \"time = 55\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"note how they spread out with time\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  60' t \"time = 60\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"note how they spread out with time\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  65' t \"time = 65\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"note how they spread out with time\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  70' t \"time = 70\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2 \"note how they spread out with time\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet  80' t \"time = 80\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"   \n",
    "pause 2\n",
    "plot '<./packet  90' t \"time = 90\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\"\n",
    "pause 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "initially, the packet is at x = -25 a\n",
      "as time goes on...\n",
      "...the packet approaches the barrier\n",
      "the interference is observed\n",
      "the interference is observed\n",
      "the interference is observed\n",
      "the interference is observed\n",
      "transmitted and reflected packets form\n",
      "transmitted and reflected packets form\n",
      "and move away from the barrier\n",
      "and move away from the barrier\n",
      "note how they spread out with time\n",
      "note how they spread out with time\n",
      "note how they spread out with time\n",
      "note how they spread out with time\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "gnuplot\n",
    "load 'packet.gnu'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Another way of using gnuplot is to load it right into the notebook itself."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%load_ext gnuplot_kernel"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%gnuplot inline pngcairo font \"Arial,16\" size 640,480"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.Image object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%gnuplot\n",
    "set style data line\n",
    "set yrange [0:2]\n",
    "set xrange [-75:75]\n",
    "set xlabel \"x/a\"\n",
    "set ylabel \"Psi^2\"\n",
    "set title \"Scattering of a Gaussian wave packet (41 waves), E=V/4\"\n",
    "plot '<./packet   0' t \"time =  0\",'<./packet   40' t \"time =  40\",'Vo.dat' t \"V(x)\",\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Homework: Developing the numerical part of the C code\n",
    "\n",
    "Start by copying the skeleton of <code>packet.c</code> code from above, so that you can start making changes, recompile, and re-run. If you continue working in this jupyter notebook, the next two cells will get executed repeatedly. You can also open a separate editor window to modify the <code>packet.c</code> file and use the <code>make</code> to re-build the code after every change."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting packet.c\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%file packet.c\n",
    "/*\n",
    " * packet.c\n",
    " *   packet - generate a Gaussian wavepacket impacting on an energy barrier.\n",
    " *\n",
    " * Completed: January.2018 (c) E.Sternin\n",
    " * Revisions: \n",
    " *\n",
    " */\n",
    "\n",
    "#ifndef VERSION           /* date-derived in Makefile */\n",
    "#define VERSION \"2018.01\" /* default, that's when we first wrote the program */\n",
    "#endif\n",
    "\n",
    "#include <stdarg.h>\n",
    "#include <stdio.h>\n",
    "#include <stdlib.h>\n",
    "#include <string.h>\n",
    "#include <ctype.h>\n",
    "#include <unistd.h>\n",
    "#include <sys/types.h>\n",
    "#include <sys/stat.h>\n",
    "#include <fcntl.h>\n",
    "\n",
    "#define MAX_STR 256\n",
    "\n",
    "/* Global variables */\n",
    "\n",
    "static char whoami[MAX_STR] ;        /* argv[0] will end up here */\n",
    "static int  verbosity;               /* Show detailed information */\n",
    "static char options[] = \"Vvhp:t:\";   /* command-line options, : means takes a value */\n",
    "static char help_msg[] = \"\\\n",
    "%s [<options>]\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-V        report version information\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-v        increase verbosity, may combine several\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-p #      number of points for the packet\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-t #      time since the beginning\\n\\\n",
    "\\t-h        help message\\n\\\n",
    "\\n\\\n",
    "e.g.\\tpacket -v -p 601 -t 20\\n\" \n",
    ";\n",
    "\n",
    "/*************************************************service routines************/\n",
    "\n",
    "void __attribute__((noreturn)) die(char *msg, ...) {\n",
    "  va_list args;\n",
    "  va_start(args, msg);\n",
    "  vfprintf(stderr, msg, args);\n",
    "  fputc('\\n', stderr);\n",
    "  exit(1);\n",
    "  }\n",
    "\n",
    "/***************************************************************** main *********/\n",
    "int main(int argc, char **argv) {\n",
    "  int    i,p;\n",
    "  double t;\n",
    "\n",
    "/*\n",
    " *  default values, may get changed by the command-line options\n",
    " */\n",
    "  verbosity = 0;    /* 0 = quiet by default, 1 = info, 2 = debug */\t\n",
    "  p = 25;           /* default to 25 points in the packet */\n",
    "  t = 0;\n",
    "\n",
    "  strncpy(whoami, argv[0], MAX_STR);\n",
    "\n",
    "  while ((i = getopt(argc, argv, options)) != -1)\n",
    "    switch (i) {\n",
    "      case 'V':\n",
    "         printf(\" %s: version %s\\n\",whoami,VERSION);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      case 'v':\n",
    "         verbosity++;\n",
    "         if (verbosity > 1) printf(\" %s: verbosity level set to %d\\n\",whoami,verbosity);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      case 'h':\n",
    "         die(help_msg,whoami);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      case 'p':\n",
    "         if ( ((p = atoi(optarg)) > 10000) || p < 10 )\n",
    "           die(\" %s: -p %d is not a valid number of points (10..10000)\\n\",whoami,p);\n",
    "         if (verbosity > 1) printf(\" %s: Number of points = %d\\n\",whoami,p);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      case 't':\n",
    "         if ( ((t = atof(optarg)) < 0) )\n",
    "           die(\" %s: -t %d is not a valid time\\n\",whoami,t);\n",
    "         if (verbosity > 1) printf(\" %s: time = %f\\n\",whoami,t);\n",
    "         break;\n",
    "      default:\n",
    "         if (verbosity > 0) die(\" try %s -h\\n\",whoami);\t/* otherwise, die quietly */\n",
    "         return 0;\n",
    "      }\n",
    "\n",
    "/*\n",
    " * when we get here, we parsed all user input, and are ready to calculate things\n",
    " */\n",
    "\n",
    "  for (i=0; i < p; i++) { \n",
    "     if (verbosity > 0) printf(\"%d\\t%f\\n\",i,i*t);\n",
    "     }\n",
    "\n",
    "  return 0;\n",
    "  }\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "rm -f packet *.o *~ core\n",
      "cc -O -DVERSION=\"\\\"`date '+%Y-%b-%d-%H:%M'`\\\"\"  -c packet.c\n",
      "cc -O -DVERSION=\"\\\"`date '+%Y-%b-%d-%H:%M'`\\\"\"  -o packet packet.o -lm\n",
      " ./packet: verbosity level set to 2\n",
      " ./packet: verbosity level set to 3\n",
      " ./packet: Number of points = 10\n",
      "0\t0.000000\n",
      "1\t0.000000\n",
      "2\t0.000000\n",
      "3\t0.000000\n",
      "4\t0.000000\n",
      "5\t0.000000\n",
      "6\t0.000000\n",
      "7\t0.000000\n",
      "8\t0.000000\n",
      "9\t0.000000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "make clean; make\n",
    "./packet -vvv -p10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "hide_input": false,
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.6.8"
  },
  "toc": {
   "nav_menu": {},
   "number_sections": false,
   "sideBar": true,
   "skip_h1_title": false,
   "toc_cell": false,
   "toc_position": {},
   "toc_section_display": "block",
   "toc_window_display": false
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 2
}