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Heat
Heat and Thermodynamics
Heat and temperature
0th law of thermodynamics:
thermal equilibrium
temperature scales: absolute, Celsius, Fahrenheit
thermal expansion:
length
,
area
,
volume
volume and linear thermal expansion coefficients are related
Ex:
density of water,
why does ice float?
Ex:
SR-71 Blackbird
Ex:
trains run on
"long strips of metal"
heat capacity and specific heat
Ex:
calorie is not "Calorie"
Ex:
calorimetry: keeping the labels straight
Ex:
the phase diagram of water
phase equilibrium
and
latent heat
Ex:
the critical point of benzene
heat transport:
conduction, convection, radiation
The ideal gas and the gas laws
the equation of state,
pV = Nk
B
T
Boltzmann constant,
k
B
=1.38x10
-23
J/K
particular cases:
p=const
(isobaric)
,
T=const
(isothermal)
,
V=const
(isometric)
isotherms
and
isobars
Avogadro's number,
N
A
=6.022x10
23
molecules/mol
universal gas constant
R=8.31
J/(mol.K)
=0.0821
(l.atm)/(mol.K)
Ex:
volume of 1 mole of gas
kinetics of ideal gas molecules: elastic collisions with the walls
Maxwell's speed distribution
statistical characteristics of distributions
:
v
most probable
or
v
rms
or
v
average
?
Heat engines
1st law of thermodynamics: heat is a form of energy,
U=+Q-W
work
W=pV
for
p=const
Ex:
isothermal expansion
Ex:
Q=0
(no heat flow, adiabatic)
combining
isothermal
with
adiabatic
processes allows
thermal cycles
heat engines
and Carnot cycle
Ex:
Otto internal combustion cycle
2nd law of thermodynamics: perfect heat-to-work conversion is not possible
Ex:
the Stirling engine
Ex:
refrigeration
Ex:
violating laws of TD
Entropy
entropy and the 2nd law
time's arrow and the fate of the Universe
3rd law of thermodynamics: absolute
T=0
is not attainable
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Updated: 26-Apr-2022 18:32